Technological watch

Nanocellulose is a sustainable and versatile biomaterial for advanced tissue engineering. Its surface can be tailored through functionalization, biomolecule grafting, and enzyme or protein immobilization to enhance bioactivity and therapeutic performance. Fabrication techniques such as 3D printing, electrospinning, freeze?drying, and gas foaming enable precise control over scaffold architecture. These strategies yield structures with high mechanical strength, interconnected porosity, large surface area, and tunable biodegradability, closely mimicking the extracellular matrix. Such engineered scaffolds support diverse biomedical applications, including bone regeneration, wound healing, cardiovascular repair, drug delivery, and soft tissue reconstruction, advancing sustainable solutions for regenerative medicine.ABSTRACTThis review explores the multifaceted role of nanocellulose, comprising cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), in the design and fabrication of scaffolds for biomedical applications. Structural insights into nanocellulose reveal its capacity to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM), providing a conducive environment for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Modification strategies such as surface functionalization, grafting with bioactive molecules, and incorporation of therapeutic agents further enhance its biological performance and targeted functionality. Innovative scaffold fabrication techniques, including 3D printing, electrospinning, freeze?drying, gas foaming, and cell sheet engineering, are discussed in the context of tailoring scaffold architecture to meet the mechanical and biological requirements of various tissues. The integration of nanocellulose into composite materials and its synergy with other polymers and biomolecules demonstrate great potential in addressing complex tissue regeneration challenges. Biomedical applications cover a wide range of tissues, including skin, bone, cartilage, muscle, nerve, and vascular systems, highlighting the versatility of nanocellulose?based scaffolds. Nanocellulose stands as a key biomaterial in the development of next?generation, eco?friendly scaffolds that align with the principles of sustainability and regenerative medicine.